KNEE JOINT
- Knee joint
- Features
- Largest and most complex joint
- 3 joints in to one
- Parts of joints
- Lateral femorotibial
- Medial femoro tibial
- Femoro patellar joint
- Type
- Condylar ( synovial )
- Two condylar joints between
- Femur and tibia
- One saddle joint
- Femur and patella
- Articular surfaces
- Condyles of femur
- Patella
- Condyles of tibia
- Femoral condyles articulates with
- tibial condyles below and behind
- Front
- Patella
- Ligaments
- Names in brief
- Fibrous capsule
- Ligamentum patellae
- Tibial collateral. or medial ligament
- Fibular collateral or lateral ligament
- Oblique popliteal ligament
- Arcuate popliteal ligament
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- Posterior cruciate ligament
- Medial meniscus
- Lateral meniscus
- Transverse liganent
- Names in detail
- Fibrous or articular capsule
- Femoral attachment
- 1 cm beyond articular margins
- 3 special features
- Anteriorly
- It is deficient
- Posteriorly
- Intercondylar line
- Laterally
- Enclose origin of popliteus
- Tibial attachment
- Anteriorly
- Descends along margins of condyles
- To tibial tuberosity
- Posteriorly
- Attached to intercondylar ridge
- Limits attachment of posterior cruciate ligament
- Posterolaterally
- Gap behind lateral condyle for passage of tendon of popliteus
- Coronary ligament
- Part of Fibrous capsule
- Between menisci and tibia
- Short lateral ligament
- Thickening of capsule
- Deep to fibular collateral ligament
- Extends from lateral epicondyle of femur
- Blends with tendon of popliteus to the medial border of Apex of fibula
- Capsular ligament
- Weak
- Strengthened anteriorly by medial and lateral patellar retinacula
- Which are Extensions from vastus medialis and lateralis
- Openings
- Two gaps
- One leading to supraptellar bursa
- For exit of tendon of popliteus
- Ligamentum patellae
- Long band of great strength
- Attached
- Superiorly
- To medial epicondyle of femur
- Just below adductor tubercle
- Inferiorly
- Divides in to anterior and posterior parts
- Anterior part or superificial part.
- 10 cm long and 1.25 cm broad
- Separated from capsule by 2 or more bursa
- Attached
- below to medial border and posterior part of
- Medial surface of shaft of tibia
- Covers inferior medial geniculate vessels and nerve
- Covers anterior part of tendon of semimembranosus
- Crossed by tendons of sartorius , gracilis and semitendinosus
- Posterior or deep part
- Short
- Blends with capsule and with medial meniscus
- Attached
- To medial condyle of tibia above the groove for semitendinosus
- Fibular collateral or lateral ligament
- Ligament is strong and cord like
- Superiorly
- Attached to lateral epicondyle of femur just above popliteal groove
- Inferiorly
- Attached to
- Head of fibula infront of its Apex
- Embraced by tendon of biceps Femoris
- Separated from
- Lateral meniscus
- By tendon of popliteus
- Inferior lateral genixular vessels and nerves seprate it from capsule
- Oblique popliteal ligament
- Expansion from tendon of semimembranosus
- Runs upward and laterally
- Blends with posterior surface of capsule
- Attached to
- intercondylar line
- lateral condyle of femur
- Related to
- Popliteal artery
- Pierced by
- Middle genicular vessels and nerve
- Terminal division of posterior division of obturator nerve
- Arcuate popliteal ligament
- Posterior expansion from short lateral ligament
- Extends backwards from head of fibula
- Arches over tendon of popliteus
- Cruciate ligaments
- Anterior cruciate ligament
- Begins
- Anterior part of intercondylar area of tibia
- Ends
- Posterior part of medial surface of llateral condyle of femur
- Posteriro curicate ligament
- Begins
- Posterior part of intercondylar area of tibia
- Ends at
- Anterior part of lateral surface of medial condyle of femur
- Menisci or semilunar cartilage
- Fibrocartilaginous disc
- Shaped like crescent
- Divide articular cavity in
- Upper compartment
- Lower compartment
- Parts
- Two ends
- Anterior end called as anterior horn
- Medial meniscus Posterior fibres are continuous with transverse ligament
- Posterior end called as posterior horn
- Lateral meniscus
- Posterior end attached to medial condyle of femur through two meniscofemorsl ligaments
- Two borders
- Outer border is thick , convex and close to fibrous capsule
- Inner border is thin , concave and free
- Two surfaces
- Upper surface
- Concave
- Articulates with femur
- Lower surface
- Flat
- Rests on peripheral two thirds of tibial condyle
- Peripheral thick part is vascular
- Inner part is avascular and nourished by synovial fluid
- Medial meniscus
- Nearly semicircular
- Lateral meniscus
- Nearly circular
- Transverse ligament
- Connects
- Medial and lateral menisci anterior ends
- Bursae
- Anterior
- Patellar bursa
- Subcutaneous
- prepatellar bursa
- Infrapatellsr bursa
- Deep
- Infrapatellar
- Supraptellar bursa
- Lateral
- Deep to
- lateral head of gastrocnemius
- Between
- Fibular collateral and tenon of popliteus
- Fibular collateral and biceps Femoris
- Tendon of popliteus and lateral condyle of tibia
- Medial
- Deep
- To medial head of gastrocnemius
- To Tibial collateral liagemt
- To semimembranosus
- Anserine bursa
- Relations
- Anteriorly
- Anterior bursa , ligamentum patellae
- Posteriorly
- To middle
- Popliteal vessels , tibial nerve
- Posterolaterally
- Lateral head of gastrocnemius , plantaris , peroneal nerve
- Posteromedially
| Type | Tibiofemoral joint: Synovial hinge joint; uniaxial |
| Patellofemoral joint: Plane joint | |
| Articular surfaces | Tibiofemoral joint: lateral and medial condyles of femur, tibial plateaus |
| Patellofemoral joint: patellar surface of femur, posterior surface of patella | |
| Ligaments and Menisci | Extracapsular ligaments: patellar ligament, medial and lateral patellar retinacula, tibial (medial) collateral ligament, fibular (lateral) collateral ligament, oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate popliteal ligament, anterolateral ligament (ALL) |
| Intracapsular ligaments: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial meniscus, lateral meniscus | |
| Innervation | Femoral nerve (nerve to vastus medialis, saphenous nerve) tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves, posterior division of the obturator nerve |
| Blood supply | Genicular branches of lateral circumflex femoral artery, femoral artery, posterior tibial artery, anterior tibial artery and popliteal artery |
| Movements | Extension, flexion, medial rotation, lateral rotation |