UPPER LIMB MUSCLES

upper limb
- ARM
  - pull backwards dorsally
    - latissimus dorsi
- pulling towards body
  - adduction
    - pectoralis major , supraspinatus
  - flexion
    - coracobrachialis
- pushing away from body
  - deltoid
- rotation of arm
  - internal
    - teres major , subscapularis
  - exteral or lateral
    - teres minor , infraspinatus
- FOREARM
  - flexion
    - at elbow
      - biceps brachii , brachialis ,
      - brachioradialis
      - pronator teres
  - Extension
    - at elbow
      - triceps brachii
  - pronation
    - pronator quadratus , pronator teres
  - supination
    - supinator
- HAND
  - at wrist
    - Flexion
      - flexor carpi
        
        radialis
        
        ulnaris
      - palmaris longus
      - palmaris brevis ( skin only )
    - extensor carpi
      - radialis
        
        brevis
        
        longus
      - ulnaris
  - at digits (&- insertion)
    - as whole
      - flexor digitorum
        
        superficialis
        
        profundus
      - extensor digitorum
      - adduction
        
        palmar interossei
      - abduction
        
        dorsal interossei
    - little finger ( & - insertion )
      - extensor digiti minimi
      - abductor digiti minimi
      - flexor digiti minimi brevis
      - opponens digiti minimi
    - at thumb ( & - insertion )
      - flexor
        
        pollicis longus
        
        pollicis brevis
      - abductor
        
        Abductor pollicis(&) longus
        
        Radius and ulna
        
        abductor pollicis(&) brevis
      - adductor
        
        pollicis
      - extensor
        
        pollicis(&) longus
        
        proximal thumb
        
        ulna (@)
        
        pollicis(&) brevis
        
        distal thumb
        
        radius (@)
      - opposition
        
        opponens pollicis
    - index finger
      - extensor(#) indices(&)
        
        (@) ulna

# - action
& - insertion
@ - origin

MUSCLE	ACTION
trapezius	retracts scapula	elevates scapula
latissimus dorsi	pulls forelimb dorsally and caudally
rhomboids	retracts scapula and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity, fixes scapula to thoracic wall
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor
levator scapulae	tilts glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula	elevates scapula,
Muscle
pectoralis major	clavicular head: flexes humerus sternocostal head: extends humerus	draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly	medially rotates humerus	adducts humerus,
pectoralis minor	stabilizes scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against thoracic wall
subclavius	depresses clavicle
serratus anterior	protracts and stabilises scapula, assists in upward rotation
Muscle	Action
deltoid	abducts, flexes, and extends shoulder
teres major			internally rotates humerus
Rotator cuff
supraspinatus	abducts and stabilises humerus
infraspinatus	laterally rotates, adducts, and stabilises humerus
teres minor	laterally rotates and adducts humerus
subscapularis	medially rotates humerus, stabilizes shoulder
Muscle	Action
coracobrachialis	flexes and adducts shoulder
biceps brachii	flexes elbow, supinates forearm

brachialis	flexes elbow

triceps brachii	extends forearm
	long head: adducts shoulder medial head: does not function at shoulder

anconeus	partly blended with triceps, extendsforearm, stabilises elbow, abducts ulna during pronation

pronator teres	pronates forearm, flexes elbow

flexor carpi radialis	flexes and abducts wrist
palmaris longus	flexes wrist
flexor carpi ulnaris	flexes and adducts wrist
flexor digitorum superficialis	flexes fingers (primarily at proximal interphalangeal joints)

pronator quadratus	weakly pronates forearm
flexor digitorum profundus	flexes wrist, flexes interphalangeal joints

flexor pollicis longus	flexes thumb
Muscle
extensor digitorum	extends hand, extends fingers
extensor digiti minimi	extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris	flexor carpi ulnaris
Mobile wad	Mobile wad
brachioradialis	flexes forearm, pronates forearm when supine, supinates forearm when prone
extensor carpi radialis longus	extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis	anterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)
Muscle	Action
supinator	supinates forearm
extensor indicis
Anatomical snuff box	Anatomical snuff box
abductor pollicis longus	abducts and extends thumb
extensor pollicis brevis	extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus	ulna, interosseous membrane of forearm
Muscle	Action
opponens pollicis	opposes thumb
flexor pollicis brevis	flexes thumb
abductor pollicis brevis	abducts thumb
adductor pollicis	adducts thumb at carpometacarpal joint

Muscle	Action
palmaris brevis	wrinkle skin of palm
hypothenar
abductor digiti minimi	abducts little finger
flexor digiti minimi brevis	flexes little finger
opponens digiti minimi	draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly and rotates it, bringing little finger (5th digit) into opposition with thumb
Muscle	Action
lumbrical	flex metacarpophalangeal joints, extend interphalangeal joints
dorsal interossei	abduct fingers
palmar interossei	adduct fingers