====== PONS ====== * PONS * EXTERNAL FEATURES * VENTRAL ( ANTERIOR SURFACE ) * convex in both directions * Transversely striated by ponto-cerebellar fibres * Median plane divided by a groove * basilar sulcus * lodges basilar artery * trigeminal nerve attached to this surface by two roots * large sensory root * small motor root * BORDERS * Rostrally * junction between midbrain and pons by dissappearing cerebral peduncles in pons * caudally * junction of medulla and pons or pontomedullary junction marked by * shallow groove * in this groove medial to lateral * abducent , facial , nervus intermedius , vestibulocochlear * laterally junctions of * middle cerebellar peduncle and anterior surface * DORSAL ( POSTERIOR SURFACE ) * covered by cerebellum * separated from it by cavity of fourth ventricle * shape * triangular * forms upper part of floor of fourth ventricle * borders * superior border * cerebral peduncles * inferior border * upper end of medulla continuous * INTERNAL STRUCTURE * VENTRAL OR BASILAR PART * Longitudinal fibers * corticopontine fibers * relay in ipsilateral pontine nuclei * corticonuclear fibers * terminate in contralateral ( some ipsilateral) motor nuclei of cranial nerves * corticospinal fibers * converge toward lower part of pons * pyramids of medulla * transverse fibers * arise from pontine nuclei * cross to opposite side to form * middle cerebellar peduncle * pontocerebellar fibers * pontine nuclei * cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathway * connects * cerebebral cortex of one side to cerebellar hemisphere of opposite side * DORSAL OR TEGMENTAL PART * ascending fibers * descending fibers * grey matter * trigeminal nucleus (V) , facial (VII) , Abducent (VI) , Vestibulocochlear (VIII) * lower or closed part of dorsal surface of pons * upper triangular part of Floor or fourth ventricle * longitudinal divisions * dorsal median sulcus * divides it in to equal halves * sulcus limitans divides it in to * depression at cranial end in sulcus limitans * superior fovea * median eminence medially * upper part is locus ceruleus * bluish in colour * pigmented neurons * substantia ferruginea * help in paradoxical sleep * rich in noradrenaline * facial colliculus * deep to it is genu of facial nerve * formed by looping around abducent nucleus * laterally vestibular area * wider above * narrow below * junction of pons and medulla * stria medullares * SECTIONS * Transverse section at the upper ( cranial ) level of pons * boundaries * dorsolaterally by * superior cerebellar peduncle * roof * superior medullary velum * grey matter * motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve * sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve * rostrally continuous with mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve * caudally with spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve * white mater * four lemnisci * medial lemniscus * lateral lemniscus * trigeminal lemniscus * spinal lemniscus * Transverse section at the lower ( caudal ) part of pons ( passes through facial colliculus) * Grey matter * Vestibulocochlear (VIII) * vestibular area * vestibular nuclei * cochlear nuclei * Abducent (VI) nucleus * facial (VII) colliculus * facial nerve * facial nucleus * spinal nucleus * superior and inferior salivatory and lacrimatory * white matter * medially from posterior to anterior * medial longitudinal bundle * tectospinal tract * rubrospinal tract * medial lemniscus * more laterally * spinal lemniscus * spinal tract of trigeminal nerve * decussation of transversly running fibres * trapezoid body * arising from cochlear nuclei of both sides * PONS * Medullopontine sulcus * Basilar sulcus * Middle cerebellar peduncle * Cerebellopontine angle * Frenulum veli * Superior cerebellar peduncle * Superior medullary velum * Basilar part of pons * White substance * Longitudinal pontine fibres * Corticospinal fibres * Pontine corticonuclear fibres * Corticoreticular fibres * Corticopontine fibres * Tectopontine fibres * Transverse pontine fibres * Pontocerebellar fibres * Grey substance * Pontine nuclei * Anterior nucleus; ventral nucleus * Lateral nucleus * Median nucleus * Paramedian nucleus * Peduncular nucleus; peripeduncular nucleus * Posterior nucleus; dorsal nucleus * Posterolateral nucleus; dorsolateral nucleus * Posteromedial nucleus; dorsomedial nucleus * Reticulotegmental nucleus [[Bechterew]] * Tegmentum of pons * White substance * Raphe of pons * Medial longitudinal fasciculus * Posterior longitudinal fasciculus; dorsal longitudinal fasciculus [[Schütz]] * Medial lemniscus * Tectospinal tract * Pretecto-olivary fibres * Tecto-olivary fibres * Tectoreticular fibres * Spinal lemniscus; anterolateral tracts; anterolateral system * Spinothalamic fibres * Spinoreticular fibres * Spinomesencephalic fibres * Spinotectal fibres * Spinoperiaqueductal fibres * Spinohypothalamic fibres * Spinobulbar fibres * Spino-olivary fibres * Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve * Trigeminal lemniscus; trigeminothalamic tract * Anterior trigeminothalamic tract; ventral trigeminothalamic tract * Posterior trigeminothalamic tract; dorsal trigeminothalamic tract * Mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve * Genu of facial nerve * Trapezoid body * Olivocochlear tract * Lateral lemniscus * Medullary striae of fourth ventricle * Anterior acoustic stria; ventral acoustic stria * Intermediate acoustic striae * Posterior acoustic stria; dorsal acoustic stria * Anterior pontoreticulospinal tract; ventral pontoreticulospinal tract * Anterior spinocerebellar tract; ventral spinocerebellar tract [[Gowers]] * Auditory commissure of pons * Central tegmental tract * Rubro-olivary fibres * Anulo-olivary fibres * Cerebello-olivary fibres * Hypothalamospinal tract * Interstitiospinal tract * Rubropontine tract * Rubrospinal tract [[Monakow]] * Tectobulbar tract * Tectopontine tract * Grey substance * Raphe nuclei * Reticular formation * Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve * Oral subnucleus * Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve * Posteromedial nucleus; dorsomedial nucleus * Anterolateral nucleus; ventrolateral nucleus * Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve * Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve * Nucleus of abducens nerve * Motor nucleus of facial nerve * Superior salivatory nucleus * Lacrimal nucleus * Superior olivary nucleus; superior olivary complex * Lateral superior olivary nucleus * Medial superior olivary nucleus * Peri-olivary nuclei * Medial nuclei * Lateral nuclei * Nuclei of trapezoid body * Anterior nucleus of trapezoid body; ventral nucleus of trapezoid body * Lateral nucleus of trapezoid body * Medial nucleus of trapezoid body * Vestibular nuclei * Medial vestibular nucleus [[Schwalbe]] * Lateral vestibular nucleus [[Deiters]] * Parvocellular part * Superior vestibular nucleus * Cochlear nuclei * Nuclei of lateral lemniscus * Posterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus; dorsal nucleus of lateral lemniscus * Intermediate nucleus of lateral lemniscus * Anterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus; ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus * Anterior tegmental nucleus; ventral tegmental nucleus * Caerulean nucleus * Subcaerulean nucleus * Interstitial nuclei of medial longitudinal fasciculus * Parabrachial nuclei * Subparabrachial nucleus [[Kölliker-Fuse]] * Lateral parabrachial nucleus * Lateral part; lateral subnucleus * Medial part; medial subnucleus * Posterior part; dorsal part; posterior subnucleus; dorsal subnucleus * Anterior part; ventral part; anterior subnucleus; ventral subnucleus * Medial parabrachial nucleus * Medial part; medial subnucleus * Lateral part; lateral subnucleus * Posterior tegmental nucleus; dorsal tegmental nucleus [[Gudden]] * Supralemniscal nucleus * Reticular nuclei * Caudal pontine reticular nucleus * Oral pontine reticular nucleus * Paralemniscal nucleus * Paramedian reticular nucleus * Reticulotegmental nucleus [[Bechterew]] * Raphe nuclei * Magnus raphe nucleus * Pontine raphe nucleus * Median raphe nucleus; superior central nucleus * Posterior raphe nucleus; dorsal raphe nucleus * Fourth ventricle * Rhomboid fossa; floor of fourth ventricle * Median sulcus * Medial eminence * Facial colliculus * Locus caeruleus * Medullary striae of fourth ventricle * Hypoglossal trigone; trigone of hypoglossal nerve * Vagal trigone; trigone of vagus nerve * Vestibular area * Funiculus separans * Grey line; taenia cinerea * Roof of fourth ventricle * Fastigium * Choroid plexus * Choroid membrane * Lateral recess * Lateral aperture [[Luschkae]] * Superior medullary velum * Frenulum of superior medullary vellum * Inferior medullary vellum * Median aperture [[Magendii]] * Area postrema * Obex * Sulcus limitans * Superior fovea * Inferior fovea ===== TERMINOLOGY ===== | 369 | | PONS | PONS | | | 370 | | Sulcus bulbopontinus | Medullopontine sulcus | | | 371 | | Sulcus basilaris | Basilar sulcus | | | 372 | | Pedunculus cerebellaris medius | Middle cerebellar peduncle | | | 373 | | Angulus pontocerebellaris | Cerebellopontine angle | | | 374 | | Frenulum veli | Frenulum veli | | | 375 | | Pedunculus cerebellaris superior | Superior cerebellar peduncle | | | 376 | | Velum medullare superius | Superior medullary velum | | | 377 | | Pars basilaris pontis | Basilar part of pons | | | 378 | | Substantia alba | White substance | | | 379 | | Fibrae pontis longitudinales | Longitudinal pontine fibres | | | 380 | | Fibrae corticospinales | Corticospinal fibres | | | 381 | | Fibrae corticonucleares pontis | Pontine corticonuclear fibres | | | 382 | | Fibrae corticoreticulares | Corticoreticular fibres | | | 383 | | Fibrae corticopontinae | Corticopontine fibres | | | 384 | | Fibrae tectopontinae | Tectopontine fibres | | | 385 | | Fibrae pontis transversae | Transverse pontine fibres | | | 386 | | Fibrae pontocerebellares | Pontocerebellar fibres | | | 387 | | Substantia grisea | Grey substance | | | 388 | | Nuclei pontis | Pontine nuclei | | | 389 | | Nucleus anterior | Anterior nucleus; ventral nucleus | | | 390 | | Nucleus lateralis | Lateral nucleus | | | 391 | | Nucleus medianus | Median nucleus | | | 392 | | Nucleus paramedianus | Paramedian nucleus | | | 393 | | Nucleus peduncularis | Peduncular nucleus; peripeduncular nucleus | | | 394 | | Nucleus posterior | Posterior nucleus; dorsal nucleus | | | 395 | | Nucleus posterior lateralis | Posterolateral nucleus; dorsolateral nucleus | | | 396 | | Nucleus posterior medialis | Posteromedial nucleus; dorsomedial nucleus | | | 397 | | Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis [[Bechterew]] | Reticulotegmental nucleus [[Bechterew]] | | | 398 | | Tegmentum pontis | Tegmentum of pons | | | 399 | | Substantia alba | White substance | | | 400 | | Raphe pontis | Raphe of pons | | | 401 | | Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis | Medial longitudinal fasciculus | | | 402 | | Fasciculus longitudinalis posterior; fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis [[Schütz]] | Posterior longitudinal fasciculus; dorsal longitudinal fasciculus [[Schütz]] | | | 403 | | Lemniscus medialis | Medial lemniscus | | | 404 | | Tractus tectospinalis | Tectospinal tract | | | 405 | | Fibrae pretectoolivares | Pretecto-olivary fibres | | | 406 | | Fibrae tectoolivares | Tecto-olivary fibres | | | 407 | | Fibrae tectoreticulares | Tectoreticular fibres | | | 408 | | Lemniscus spinalis; tractus anterolaterales | Spinal lemniscus; anterolateral tracts; anterolateral system | | | 409 | | Fibrae spinothalamicae | Spinothalamic fibres | | | 410 | | Fibrae spinoreticulares | Spinoreticular fibres | | | 411 | | Fibrae spinomesencephalicae | Spinomesencephalic fibres | | | 412 | | Fibrae spinotectales | Spinotectal fibres | | | 413 | | Fibrae spinoperiaqueductales | Spinoperiaqueductal fibres | | | 414 | | Fibrae spinohypothalamicae | Spinohypothalamic fibres | | | 415 | | Fibrae spinobulbares | Spinobulbar fibres | | | 416 | | Fibrae spinoolivares | Spino-olivary fibres | | | 417 | | Tractus spinalis nervi trigemini | Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve | | | 418 | | Lemniscus trigeminalis; tractus trigeminothalamicus | Trigeminal lemniscus; trigeminothalamic tract | | | 419 | | Tractus trigeminothalamicus anterior | Anterior trigeminothalamic tract; ventral trigeminothalamic tract | | | 420 | | Tractus trigeminothalamicus posterior | Posterior trigeminothalamic tract; dorsal trigeminothalamic tract | | | 421 | | Tractus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini | Mesencephalic tract of trigeminal nerve | | | 422 | | Genu nervi facialis | Genu of facial nerve | | | 423 | | Corpus trapezoideum | Trapezoid body | | | 424 | | Tractus olivocochlearis | Olivocochlear tract | | | 425 | | Lemniscus lateralis | Lateral lemniscus | | | 426 | | Striae medullares ventriculi quarti | Medullary striae of fourth ventricle | | | 427 | | Stria cochlearis anterior | Anterior acoustic stria; ventral acoustic stria | | | 428 | | Stria cochlearis intermedia | Intermediate acoustic striae | | | 429 | | Stria cochlearis posterior | Posterior acoustic stria; dorsal acoustic stria | | | 430 | | Tractus pontoreticulospinalis anterior | Anterior pontoreticulospinal tract; ventral pontoreticulospinal tract | | | 431 | | Tractus spinocerebellaris anterior [[Gowers]] | Anterior spinocerebellar tract; ventral spinocerebellar tract [[Gowers]] | | | 432 | | Commissura cochlearis pontis | Auditory commissure of pons | | | 433 | | Tractus tegmentalis centralis | Central tegmental tract | | | 434 | | Fibrae rubroolivares | Rubro-olivary fibres | | | 435 | | Fibrae anuloolivares | Anulo-olivary fibres | | | 436 | | Fibrae cerebelloolivares | Cerebello-olivary fibres | | | 437 | | Tractus hypothalamospinalis | Hypothalamospinal tract | | | 438 | | Tractus interstitiospinalis | Interstitiospinal tract | | | 439 | | Tractus rubropontinus | Rubropontine tract | | | 440 | | Tractus rubrospinalis [[Monakow]] | Rubrospinal tract [[Monakow]] | | | 441 | | Tractus tectobulbaris | Tectobulbar tract | | | 442 | | Tractus tectopontinus | Tectopontine tract | | | 443 | | Substantia grisea | Grey substance | | | 444 | | Nuclei raphes | Raphe nuclei | | | 445 | | Formatio reticularis | Reticular formation | | | 446 | | Nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini | Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve | | | 447 | | Subnucleus oralis | Oral subnucleus | | | 448 | | Nucleus principalis nervi trigemini | Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve | | | 449 | | Nucleus posteromedialis | Posteromedial nucleus; dorsomedial nucleus | | | 450 | | Nucleus anterolateralis | Anterolateral nucleus; ventrolateral nucleus | | | 451 | | Nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini | Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve | | | 452 | | Nucleus motorius nervi trigemini | Motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve | | | 453 | | Nucleus nervi abducentis | Nucleus of abducens nerve | | | 454 | | Nucleus nervi facialis | Motor nucleus of facial nerve | | | 455 | | Nucleus salivatorius superior | Superior salivatory nucleus | | | 456 | | Nucleus lacrimalis | Lacrimal nucleus | | | 457 | | Nucleus olivaris superior | Superior olivary nucleus; superior olivary complex | | | 458 | | Nucleus olivaris superior lateralis | Lateral superior olivary nucleus | | | 459 | | Nucleus olivaris superior medialis | Medial superior olivary nucleus | | | 460 | | Nuclei periolivares | Peri-olivary nuclei | | | 461 | | Nuclei mediales | Medial nuclei | | | 462 | | Nuclei laterales | Lateral nuclei | | | 463 | | Nuclei corporis trapezoidei | Nuclei of trapezoid body | | | 464 | | Nucleus anterior corporis trapezoidei | Anterior nucleus of trapezoid body; ventral nucleus of trapezoid body | | | 465 | | Nucleus lateralis corporis trapezoidei | Lateral nucleus of trapezoid body | | | 466 | | Nucleus medialis corporis trapezoidei | Medial nucleus of trapezoid body | | | 467 | | Nuclei vestibulares | Vestibular nuclei | | | 468 | | Nucleus vestibularis medialis [[Schwalbe]] | Medial vestibular nucleus [[Schwalbe]] | | | 469 | | Nucleus vestibularis lateralis [[Deiters]] | Lateral vestibular nucleus [[Deiters]] | | | 470 | | Pars parvocellularis | Parvocellular part | | | 471 | | Nucleus vestibularis superior | Superior vestibular nucleus | | | 472 | | Nuclei cochleares | Cochlear nuclei | | | 473 | | Nuclei lemnisci lateralis | Nuclei of lateral lemniscus | | | 474 | | Nucleus posterior lemnisci lateralis | Posterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus; dorsal nucleus of lateral lemniscus | | | 475 | | Nucleus intermedius lemnisci lateralis | Intermediate nucleus of lateral lemniscus | | | 476 | | Nucleus anterior lemnisci lateralis | Anterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus; ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus | | | 477 | | Nucleus tegmentalis anterior | Anterior tegmental nucleus; ventral tegmental nucleus | | | 478 | | Nucleus caeruleus | Caerulean nucleus | | | 479 | | Nucleus subcaeruleus | Subcaerulean nucleus | | | 480 | | Nuclei interstitiales fasciculi longitudinalis medialis | Interstitial nuclei of medial longitudinal fasciculus | | | 481 | | Nuclei parabrachiales | Parabrachial nuclei | | | 482 | | Nucleus subparabrachialis [[Kölliker-Fuse]] | Subparabrachial nucleus [[Kölliker-Fuse]] | | | 483 | | Nucleus parabrachialis lateralis | Lateral parabrachial nucleus | | | 484 | | Pars lateralis | Lateral part; lateral subnucleus | | | 485 | | Pars medialis | Medial part; medial subnucleus | | | 486 | | Pars posterior | Posterior part; dorsal part; posterior subnucleus; dorsal subnucleus | | | 487 | | Pars anterior | Anterior part; ventral part; anterior subnucleus; ventral subnucleus | | | 488 | | Nucleus parabrachialis medialis | Medial parabrachial nucleus | | | 489 | | Pars medialis | Medial part; medial subnucleus | | | 490 | | Pars lateralis | Lateral part; lateral subnucleus | | | 491 | | Nucleus tegmentalis posterior [[Gudden]] | Posterior tegmental nucleus; dorsal tegmental nucleus [[Gudden]] | | | 492 | | Nucleus supralemniscalis | Supralemniscal nucleus | | | 493 | | Nuclei reticulares | Reticular nuclei | | | 494 | | Nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis | Caudal pontine reticular nucleus | | | 495 | | Nucleus reticularis pontis rostralis | Oral pontine reticular nucleus | | | 496 | | Nucleus paralemniscalis | Paralemniscal nucleus | | | 497 | | Nucleus reticularis paramedianus | Paramedian reticular nucleus | | | 498 | | Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis [[Bechterew]] | Reticulotegmental nucleus [[Bechterew]] | | | 499 | | Nuclei raphes | Raphe nuclei | | | 500 | | Nucleus raphes magnus | Magnus raphe nucleus | | | 501 | | Nucleus raphe pontis | Pontine raphe nucleus | | | 502 | | Nucleus raphe medianus | Median raphe nucleus; superior central nucleus | | | 503 | | Nucleus raphe posterior | Posterior raphe nucleus; dorsal raphe nucleus | | | 504 | | Ventriculus quartus | Fourth ventricle | | | 505 | | Fossa rhomboidea | Rhomboid fossa; floor of fourth ventricle | | | 506 | | Sulcus medianus | Median sulcus | | | 507 | | Eminentia medialis | Medial eminence | | | 508 | | Colliculus facialis | Facial colliculus | | | 509 | | Locus caeruleus | Locus caeruleus | | | 510 | | Striae medullares ventriculi quarti | Medullary striae of fourth ventricle | | | 511 | | Trigonum nervi hypoglossi | Hypoglossal trigone; trigone of hypoglossal nerve | | | 512 | | Trigonum nervi vagi; trigonum vagale | Vagal trigone; trigone of vagus nerve | | | 513 | | Area vestibularis | Vestibular area | | | 514 | | Funiculus separans | Funiculus separans | | | 515 | | Taenia cinerea | Grey line; taenia cinerea | | | 516 | | Tegmen ventriculi quarti | Roof of fourth ventricle | | | 517 | | Fastigium | Fastigium | | | 518 | | Plexus choroideus | Choroid plexus | | | 519 | | Tela choroidea | Choroid membrane | | | 520 | | Recessus lateralis | Lateral recess | | | 521 | | Apertura lateralis [[Luschkae]] | Lateral aperture [[Luschkae]] | | | 522 | | Velum medullare superius | Superior medullary velum | | | 523 | | Frenulum veli medullaris superioris | Frenulum of superior medullary vellum | | | 524 | | Velum medullare inferius | Inferior medullary vellum | | | 525 | | Apertura mediana [[Magendii]] | Median aperture [[Magendii]] | | | 526 | | Area postrema | Area postrema | | | 527 | | Obex | Obex | | | 528 | | Sulcus limitans | Sulcus limitans | | | 529 | | Fovea superior | Superior fovea | | | 530 | | Fovea inferior | Inferior fovea | |