en:hypothalamus [Chapters]

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====== HYPOTHALAMUS ======

  * HYPOTHALAMUS 
    * situation 
      * below thalamus 
    * boundaries or relations 
      * anteriorly 
        * lamina terminalis 
      * posteriorly 
        * subthalamus 
      * inferiorly 
        * structures in floor of third ventricle 
      * superiorly 
        * thalamus 
      * laterally 
        * internal capsule  
      * medially 
        * cavity of third ventricle 
    * extent  
      * divided in to two lateral halves by 
        * third ventricle 
      * Zones 
        * from the point of reference i.e., anterior column of fornix 
          * medial zone 
            * thin subependymal or periventricular zone 
            * thicker intermediate zone 
          * lateral zone 
      * Anteroposterior regions 
        * preoptic region 
          * preoptic nucleus 
            * regulates release of gonadotropic hormones 
        * supraoptic region 
          * functionally 
            * supraoptic nucleus 
            * paraventricular nucleus 
            * both 
              * produce antidiuretic hormone 
              * regulate water balance 
            * connections with neurohypophysis 
              * fibers arising from this nuclei 
                * through hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract 
                  * project in to posterior lobe of pitutary gland 
                * synthesize hormones 
                  * vasopressin and oxytocin 
                    * transported through axons 
                      * terminating on the capillaries in neurohypophysis 
                        * hormones are transported   
          * anterior nucleus
            * regulates body temperature by dissipation of heat 
            * stimulates parasympathetic nervous system  
        * tuberal region 
          * arcuate or infundibular nucleus 
            * produces hypothalamic releasing factors 
              * types
                * releasing hormones 
                  * ACTH 
                  * FSH 
                  * LH 
                  * TSH 
                  * GH
                * release inhibiting hormones 
                  * MSH
                  * LTH ( Luteotropic hormone) 
              * transported though 
                * tubero-infundibular tract 
                  * to median eminence 
                    * from here they go through 
                      * hypothalamo hypophyseal portal system 
                        * to secretory cells of anterior lobe 
          * ventromedial nucleus 
            * satiety centre 
              * stimulation inhibits the urge to eat 
          * dorsomedial nucleus 
            * stimulation 
              * causes obesity 
              * savage behaviour 
        * mamillary region 
          * posterior nucleus 
            * regulates body temperature by conservation of heat 
            * stimulate sympathetic nervous system 
          * mamillary nuclei   
            * receives input from hippocompal formation through fornix 
        * lateral nucleus
          * stimulation induces eating
    * Master / Controller of 
      * autonomic nervous system 
      * endocrine system 
        * sexual behaviour 
      * Limbic system 
        * emotional expression 
        * biological clock 
          * cyclical activities of body 
            * circadian rhythm 
              * sleeping - waking cycle 
              * body functions rhythm 
      * together 
        * helps to maintain homeostasis 
    * connections 
      * afferent 
        * fornix 
        * stria terminalis 
        * medial forebrain bundle 
        * direct physical and chemical receptors  
        * thalamohypothalamic 
        * pallidohypothalamic 
        * subthalamohypothalamic 
      * Efferent 
        * mamillothalamic tract 
        * mamillotegmental tract 






|	911	|		|	Hypothalamus	|	Hypothalamus	|		|
|	912	|		|	Area hypothalamica rostralis	|	Anterior hypothalamic area; anterior hypothalamic region	|		|
|	913	|		|	Nucleus anterior hypothalami	|	Anterior hypothalamic nucleus	|		|
|	914	|		|	Nucleus periventricularis ventralis	|	Anterior periventricular nucleus	|		|
|	915	|		|	Nuclei interstitiales hypothalami anterioris	|	Interstitial nuclei of anterior hypothalamus	|		|
|	916	|		|	Nucleus preopticus lateralis	|	Lateral preoptic nucleus	|		|
|	917	|		|	Nucleus preoptic medialis	|	Medial preoptic nucleus	|		|
|	918	|		|	Nucleus preopticus medianus	|	Median preoptic nucleus	|		|
|	919	|		|	Nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami	|	Paraventricular nucleus	|		|
|	920	|		|	Nucleus preopticus periventricularis	|	Periventricular preoptic nucleus	|		|
|	921	|		|	Nucleus suprachiasmaticus	|	Suprachiasmatic nucleus	|		|
|	922	|		|	Nucleus supraopticus	|	Supra-optic nucleus	|		|
|	923	|		|	Pars dorsolateralis	|	Dorsolateral part	|		|
|	924	|		|	Pars dorsomedialis	|	Dorsomedial part	|		|
|	925	|		|	Pars ventromedialis	|	Ventromedial part	|		|
|	926	|		|	Area hypothalamica dorsalis	|	Dorsal hypothalamic area; dorsal hypothalamic region	|		|
|	927	|		|	Nucleus dorsomedialis	|	Dorsomedial nucleus	|		|
|	928	|		|	Nucleus endopeduncularis	|	Endopeduncular nucleus	|		|
|	929	|		|	Nucleus ansae lenticularis	|	Nucleus of ansa lenticularis	|		|
|	930	|		|	Area hypothalamica intermedia	|	Intermediate hypothalamic area; intermediate hypothalamic region	|		|
|	931	|		|	Nucleus dorsalis hypothalami	|	Dorsal nucleus	|		|
|	932	|		|	Nucleus dorsomedialis	|	Dorsomedial nucleus	|		|
|	933	|		|	Nucleus arcuatus; nucleus semilunaris; nucleus infundibularis	|	Arcuate nucleus; infundibular nucleus	|		|
|	934	|		|	Nucleus periventricularis	|	Periventricular nucleus	|		|
|	935	|		|	Nucleus periventricularis posterior	|	Posterior periventricular nucleus	|		|
|	936	|		|	Area retrochiasmatica	|	Retrochiasmatic area; retrochiasmatic region	|		|
|	937	|		|	Nuclei tuberales laterales	|	Lateral tuberal nuclei	|		|
|	938	|		|	Nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami	|	Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus	|		|
|	939	|		|	Area hypothalamica lateralis	|	Lateral hypothalamic area	|		|
|	940	|		|	Area preoptica	|	Preoptic area	|		|
|	941	|		|	Nuclei tuberales laterales	|	Lateral tuberal nuclei	|		|
|	942	|		|	Nucleus perifornicalis	|	Perifornical nucleus	|		|
|	943	|		|	Nucleus tuberomammillaris	|	Tuberomammillary nucleus	|		|
|	944	|		|	Area hypothalamica posterior	|	Posterior hypothalamic area; posterior hypothalamic region	|		|
|	945	|		|	Nucleus premammillaris dorsalis	|	Dorsal premammillary nucleus	|		|
|	946	|		|	Nucleus mammillaris lateralis	|	Lateral nucleus of mammillary body	|		|
|	947	|		|	Nucleus mammillaris medialis	|	Medial nucleus of mammillary body	|		|
|	948	|		|	Nucleus supramammillaris	|	Supramammillary nucleus	|		|
|	949	|		|	Nucleus premammillaris ventralis	|	Ventral premammillary nucleus	|		|
|	950	|		|	Nucleus posterior hypothalami	|	Posterior nucleus of hypothalamus	|		|
|	951	|		|	Organum vasculosum laminae terminalis	|	Vascular organ of lamina terminalis	|		|
|	952	|		|	Zonae hypothalamicae	|	Zones of hypothalamus	|		|
|	953	|		|	Zona periventricularis	|	Periventricular zone	|		|
|	954	|		|	Zona medialis	|	Medial zone	|		|
|	955	|		|	Zona lateralis	|	Lateral zone	|		|
|	956	|		|	Neurohypophysis	|	Neurohypophysis	|		|
|	957	|		|	Substantia alba hypothalami	|	White substance of hypothalamus	|		|
|	958	|		|	Fasciculus longitudinalis posterior; fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis [[Schütz]]	|	Posterior longitudinal fasciculus; dorsal longitudinal fasciculus [[Schütz]]	|		|
|	959	|		|	Commissura supraoptica dorsalis [[Ganser-Meynert]]	|	Dorsal supra-optic commissure [[Ganser-Meynert]]	|		|
|	960	|		|	Fibrae striae terminalis	|	Fibres of stria terminalis	|		|
|	961	|		|	Fornix	|	Fornix	|		|
|	962	|		|	Tractus hypothalamohypophysialis	|	Hypothalamohypophysial tract	|		|
|	963	|		|	Fibrae paraventriculohypophysiales	|	Paraventricular fibres	|		|
|	964	|		|	Fibrae supraopticohypophysiales	|	Supra-optic fibres	|		|
|	965	|		|	Fasciculus mammillotegmentalis [[Gudden]]	|	Mammillotegmental fasciculus [[Gudden]]	|		|
|	966	|		|	Fasciculus mammillothalamicus	|	Mammillothalamic fasciculus	|		|
|	967	|		|	Fasciculus medialis telencephali	|	Medial forebrain bundle	|		|
|	968	|		|	Tractus paraventriculohypophysialis	|	Paraventriculohypophysial tract	|		|
|	969	|		|	Fibrae periventriculares	|	Periventricular fibres	|		|
|	970	|		|	Tractus supraopticohypophysialis	|	Supra-opticohypophysial tract	|		|
|	971	|		|	Commissura supraoptica ventralis [[Gudden]]	|	Ventral supra-optic commissure [[Gudden]]	|		|
|	972	|		|	Tractus retinohypothalamicus	|	Retinohypothalamic tract	|		|