en:costume_body_characters [Chapters]

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====== COSTUME THEMED CHARACTERS ======

COLOURFUL CHARACTERS
BLUE CHARACTER OR BLUE CONDITION or BLUE CITY(ANATOMYLAND APPEARS AS WE SAY IT A BLUELAND) ..............................................

Central cyanosis may be due to the following causes:

1. Central nervous system (impairing normal ventilation):

Intracranial hemorrhage
Drug overdose (e.g. heroin)
Tonic–clonic seizure (e.g. grand mal seizure)

2. Respiratory system:

Pneumonia
Bronchiolitis
Bronchospasm (e.g. asthma)
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary embolism
Hypoventilation
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD (emphysema)
3. Cardiovascular diseases:

Congenital heart disease (e.g. Tetralogy of Fallot, right to left shunts in heart or great vessels)
Heart failure
Valvular heart disease
Myocardial infarction
4. Blood:

Methemoglobinemia * Note this causes "spurious" cyanosis, in that, since methemoglobin appears blue,[6] the patient can appear cyanosed even in the presence of a normal arterial oxygen level.
Polycythaemia
Congenital cyanosis (HbM Boston) arises from a mutation in the a-codon which results in a change of primary sequence, H ? Y. Tyrosine stabilises the Fe(III) form (oxyhaemoglobin) creating a permanent T-state of Hb.
5. Others:

High altitude, cyanosis may develop in ascents to altitudes >2400 m.
Hypothermia
Obstructive sleep apnea

Peripheral cyanosis
Peripheral cyanosis is the blue tint in fingers or extremities, due to an inadequate or obstructed circulation. The blood reaching the extremities is not oxygen-rich and when viewed through the skin a combination of factors can lead to the appearance of a blue color. All factors contributing to central cyanosis can also cause peripheral symptoms to appear, however, peripheral cyanosis can be observed in the absence of heart or lung failures. Small blood vessels may be restricted and can be treated by increasing the normal oxygenation level of the blood.

Peripheral cyanosis may be due to the following causes:

All common causes of central cyanosis
Reduced cardiac output (e.g. heart failure, hypovolaemia)
Cold exposure
COPD(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
Arterial obstruction (e.g. peripheral vascular disease, Raynaud phenomenon)
Venous obstruction (e.g. deep vein thrombosis)


JAUNDICE OR YELLOW CHARACTER --------- (AS WE CALL THIS YELLOW LAND OR YELLOW CITY) 

Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels
High bilirubin is divided into two types: unconjugated (indirect) and conjugated (direct).Conjugated bilirubin can be confirmed by finding bilirubin in the urine.Other conditions that can cause yellowish skin but are not jaundice include carotenemia from eating large amounts of certain foods and medications like rifampin.

High unconjugated bilirubin may be due to excess red blood cell breakdown, large bruises, genetic conditions such as Gilbert's syndrome, no eating for a prolonged period of time, newborn jaundice, or thyroid problems. High conjugated bilirubin may be due to liver diseases such as cirrhosis or hepatitis, infections, medications, or blockage of the bile duct.In the developed world the cause is more often blockage of the bile duct or medications while in the developing world it is more often infections such as viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, or malaria.
 Blockage of the bile duct may occur due to gallstones, cancer, or pancreatitis.


   HYPERPIGMENTATION OF SKIN ---- (THE BLACK CITY ) 

Hyperpigmentation is the darkening of an area of skin or nails caused by increased melanin.

Hyperpigmentation is associated with a number of diseases or conditions, including the following:

Addison's disease and other sources of adrenal insufficiency, in which hormones that stimulate melanin synthesis, such as melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), are frequently elevated.
Cushing's disease or other excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production, because MSH production is a byproduct of ACTH synthesis from proopiomelanocortin (POMC).
Acanthosis nigricans — hyperpigmentation of intertriginous areas associated with insulin resistance.
Melasma, also known as chloasma — patchy hyperpigmentation
Acne scarring from post-inflammatary hyperpigmentation
Linea nigra — a hyperpigmented line found on the abdomen during pregnancy.
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome — an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hyperpigmented macules on the lips and oral mucosa and gastrointestinal polyps.
Exposure to certain chemicals such as salicylic acid, bleomycin, and cisplatin.
Smoker's melanosis
Coeliac disease
Cronkite-Canada syndrome
Porphyria
Tinea fungal infections such as ringworm
Haemochromatosis — a common but debilitating genetic disorder characterized by the chronic accumulation of iron in the body.
Mercury poisoning — particularly cases of cutaneous exposure resulting from the topical application of mercurial ointments or skin-whitening creams.
Aromatase deficiency
Nelson's syndrome
Grave's disease
As a result of tinea cruris.



  HYPOPIGMENTATION  (THE WHITE CITY ) 

Hypopigmentation is the loss of skin color. It is caused by melanocyte or melanin depletion, or a decrease in the amino acid tyrosine, which is used by melanocytes to make melanin.

It is seen in:

Albinism
Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
Leprosy
Lleucism
Phenylketonuria
Pityriasis alba
Vitiligo
Angelman syndrome
Tinea versicolor
An uncommon adverse effect of imatinib therapy


THE PINK CITY (ANEMIA).IT IS ALSO CALLED AS THE PINK CITY 

anemia are of many types and it occurs due to decrease in the number of rbc's or oxygen content in blood.