====== BACK ====== * BACK OF TRUNK * functions and features * human beings mostly lies on back * adapted to sustain pressure of body weight * skin is thick and fixed to underlying fascia * Layers * skin * superficial fascia * Contents * Cutaneous nerves * Muscles of back * Spaces * triangle of auscultation * small triangular interval * boundaries * medially lateral border of trapezius * laterally by medial border of scapula * inferiorly by upper border of latissimus dorsi * floor * 6th and 7 th ribs and 6th intercostal space * rhomboid major * clinically * respiratory sounds of apex of lower lobe of lung * each side can be heard * left side * cardiac orifice of stomach lies deep to triangle * Lumbar triangle of petit * boundaries * medially by lateral border of latissimus dorsi * laterally by posterior border of external oblique muscle * inferiorly by iliac crest ( forms base) * clinically * lumbar hernia * Scapular region * muscles of scapular region * deltoid * shoulder cuff or rotator cuff * intermuscular spaces * quadrangular space * superior * subscapularis * inferior * superior border of teres major * medial - lateral border of long head of triceps brachi * lateral - surgical neck of humerus * Contents * axillary nerve * posterior circumflex humeral vessels * upper triangular space * superior * inferior border of teres minor * lateral * medial border of long head of triceps brachii * inferior * superior border of teres major * Contents * circumflex scapular artery * lower triangular space * contents * radial nerve * profundal brachii vessels ===== NOTES ===== {{:anatomy:back-arrangement.jpg}} {{:anatomy:back-muscles-deep.jpg}} {{:anatomy:back-muscles.jpg}} {{:anatomy:back-surface-scapula.jpg}} {{:anatomy:back-trapezius-relations.jpg}} ===== DISSECTION TUTORIALS ===== {{:anatomy:back-incision.jpg}} {{:dissection:nape_of_neck.jpg?400px}} {{:dissection:back-muscles.jpg?400px}} {{:dissection:back-superficial.jpg?400px}} ^ Muscle ^ ^ Origin ^ Insertion ^ Artery ^ Nerve ^ Action ^ Antagonist ^ | trapezius | समलंबिका | down midline, external occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament, medial part of superior nuchal line, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12 | at shoulders, lateral third of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula | transverse cervical artery | motor: accessory nerve [CNXI] | retracts and elevates scapula | serratus anterior | | | | | | | sensory: cervical nerves C3 and C4 | | | | latissimus dorsi | कटिपार्श्वच्छदिका | spinous processes of thoracic T6-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribs | floor of intertubercular groove of humerus | subscapular artery, dorsal scapular artery | thoracodorsal nerve | pulls forelimb dorsally and caudally | deltoid, trapezius | | rhomboids | समचतुर्भुजिका | nuchal ligaments, spinous processes of C7-T5 vertebrae | medial border of scapula | dorsal scapular artery | dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5) | retracts scapula and rotates it to depress glenoid cavity, fixes scapula to thoracic wall | serratus anterior | |      rhomboid major | | spinous processes of T2 to T5 vertebrae | medial border of scapula, inferior to insertion of rhomboid minor | | | | | |      rhomboid minor | लघु अंसापकर्षणी | nuchal ligaments and spinous processes of C7- to T1 vertebrae | medial border of scapula, superior to insertion of rhomboid major | | | | | | levator scapulae | अंस उन्नमनिका | posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1 – C4 vertebrae | superior part of medial border of scapula | | cervical nerve (C3, C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5) | elevates scapula, tilts glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula | |