Show pageOld revisionsBacklinksBack to top This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong. ====== LIVER ====== ===== GROSS ANATOMY ===== ==== Features ==== {{:dissection:liver-anterior.jpg?400|}} {{:dissection:liver-inferior-2.jpg}} {{:dissection:liver-inferior-impression.jpg}} {{:dissection:liver-inferior.jpg}} {{:dissection:liver-inside_cadaver.jpeg}} ==== Location ==== ==== External Features ==== **Five surfaces** **Borders** **Lobes** ==== Relations ==== **Peritoneal relations** **Visceral Relations** //Anterior surface// //Posterior surface // //Superior surface// //Inferior surface// //Right surface// ===== Blood supply ===== ==== Hepatic segments ==== {{:anatomy:liver-general.png}} {{:anatomy:liver-porta-hepatis.png}} {{:anatomy:liver-segments.png}} ===== MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY ===== {{:histology:liver.jpg}} ===== Development of liver ===== {{:anatomy:liver-histo.png}} {{:anatomy:liver-fetal-circultn.png}} * LIVER * Diaphragmatic surface * Superior part * Cardiac impression * Anterior part * Right part * Posterior part * Bare area * Groove for vena cava * Fissure for ligamentum venosum * Ligamentum venosum [[Arantii]] * Visceral surface * Fossa for gallgladder * Fissure for ligamentum teres; fissure for round ligament * Round ligament of the liver * Porta hepatis * Omental tuberosity * Oesophageal impression * Gastric impression * Duodenal impression * Colic impression * Renal impression * Suprarenal impression * Inferior border * Notch for ligamentum teres * Right lobe of liver * Left lobe of liver * Fibrous appendix of liver * Quadrate lobe * Caudate lobe * Papillary process * Caudate process * Hepatic segmentation * Umbilical fissure * Main portal fissure * Right portal fissure * Left liver; left part of liver * Left lateral division * Left posterior lateral segment; segment II * Left anterior lateral segment; segment III * Left medial division * Left medial segment; segment IV * Posterior liver; posterior part of liver; caudate lobe * Posterior sgment; caudate lobe; segment I * Right liver; right part of liver * Right medial division * Anterior medial segment; segment V * Posterior medial segment; segment VIII * Right lateral division * Anterior lateral segment; segment VI * Posterior lateral segment; segment VII * Serosa; serous coat * Subserosa; subserous layer * Fibrous capsule * Perivascular fibrous capsule * Lobules of liver * Interlobular arteries * Interlobular veins * Central veins * Interlobular bile ducts * Common hepatic duct * Right hepatic duct * Anterior branch * Posterior branch * Left hepatic duct * Lateral branch * Medial branch * Right duct of caudate lobe * Left duct of caudate lobe * GALLBLADDER * Fundus of gallbladder * Infundibulum of gallbladder * Body of gallbladder * Neck of gallbladder * Serosa; serous coat * Subserosa; subserous layer * Muscular layer; muscular coat * Mucosa; mucous membrane * Mucosal folds; rugae * Cystic duct * Spiral fold * Bile duct * Sphincter of bile duct * Superior sphincter * Inferior sphincter * Hepatopancreatic ampulla; biliaropancreatic ampulla * Sphincter of ampulla [[Oddi]] * Glands of bile duct ===== TERMINOLOGY ===== | HEPAR | LIVER | | | Facies diaphragmatica | Diaphragmatic surface | | | Pars superior | Superior part | | | Impressio cardiaca | Cardiac impression | | | Pars anterior | Anterior part | | | Pars dextra | Right part | | | Pars posterior | Posterior part | | | Area nuda | Bare area | | | Sulcus venae cavae | Groove for vena cava | | | Fissura ligamenti venosi | Fissure for ligamentum venosum | | | Lig. venosum [[Arantii]] | Ligamentum venosum [[Arantii]] | | | Facies visceralis | Visceral surface | | | Fossa vesicae biliaris; fossa vesicae felleae | Fossa for gallgladder | | | Fissura ligamenti teretis | Fissure for ligamentum teres; fissure for round ligament | | | Lig. teres hepatis | Round ligament of the liver | | | Porta hepatis | Porta hepatis | | | Tuber omentale | Omental tuberosity | | | Impressio oesophagealis | Oesophageal impression | | | Impressio gastrica | Gastric impression | | | Impressio duodenalis | Duodenal impression | | | Impressio colica | Colic impression | | | Impressio renalis | Renal impression | | | Impressio suprarenalis | Suprarenal impression | | | Margo inferior | Inferior border | | | Incisura ligamenti teretis | Notch for ligamentum teres | | | Lobus hepatis dexter | Right lobe of liver | | | Lobus hepatis sinister | Left lobe of liver | | | Appendix fibrosa hepatis | Fibrous appendix of liver | | | Lobus quadratus | Quadrate lobe | | | Lobus caudatus | Caudate lobe | | | Processus papillaris | Papillary process | | | Processus caudatus | Caudate process | | | Segmentatio hepatis | Hepatic segmentation | | | Fissura umbilicalis | Umbilical fissure | | | Fissura portalis principalis | Main portal fissure | | | Fissura portalis dextra | Right portal fissure | | | Pars hepatis sinistra | Left liver; left part of liver | | | Divisio lateralis sinistra | Left lateral division | | | Segmentum posterius laterale sinistrum; segmentum II | Left posterior lateral segment; segment II | | | Segmentum anterius laterale sinistrum; segmentum III | Left anterior lateral segment; segment III | | | Divisio medialis sinistra | Left medial division | | | Segmentum mediale sinistrum; segmentum IV | Left medial segment; segment IV | | | Pars posterior hepatis; lobus caudatus | Posterior liver; posterior part of liver; caudate lobe | | | Segmentum posterius; lobus caudatus; segmentum I | Posterior sgment; caudate lobe; segment I | | | Pars hepatis dextra | Right liver; right part of liver | | | Divisio medialis dextra | Right medial division | | | Segmentum anterius mediale dextrum; segmentum V | Anterior medial segment; segment V | | | Segmentum posterius mediale dextrum; segmentum VIII | Posterior medial segment; segment VIII | | | Divisio lateralis dextra | Right lateral division | | | Segmentum anterius laterale dextrum; segmentum VI | Anterior lateral segment; segment VI | | | Segmentum posterius laterale dextrum; segmentum VII | Posterior lateral segment; segment VII | | | Tunica serosa | Serosa; serous coat | | | Tela subserosa | Subserosa; subserous layer | | | Tunica fibrosa | Fibrous capsule | | | Capsula fibrosa perivascularis | Perivascular fibrous capsule | | | Lobuli hepatis | Lobules of liver | | | Aa. interlobulares | Interlobular arteries | | | Vv. interlobulares | Interlobular veins | | | Vv. centrales | Central veins | | | Ductus biliferi interlobulares | Interlobular bile ducts | | | Ductus hepaticus communis | Common hepatic duct | | | Ductus hepaticus dexter | Right hepatic duct | | | R. anterior | Anterior branch | | | R. posterior | Posterior branch | | | Ductus hepaticus sinister | Left hepatic duct | | | R. lateralis | Lateral branch | | | R. medialis | Medial branch | | | Ductus lobi caudati dexter | Right duct of caudate lobe | | | Ductus lobi caudati sinister | Left duct of caudate lobe | | | VESICA BILIARIS; VESICA FELLEA | GALLBLADDER | | | Fundus vesicae biliaris; fundus vesicae felleae | Fundus of gallbladder | | | Infundibulum vesicae biliaris; infundibulum vesicae felleae | Infundibulum of gallbladder | | | Corpus vesicae biliaris; corpus vesicae felleae | Body of gallbladder | | | Collum vesicae biliaris; collum vesicae felleae | Neck of gallbladder | | | Tunica serosa | Serosa; serous coat | | | Tela subserosa | Subserosa; subserous layer | | | Tunica muscularis | Muscular layer; muscular coat | | | Tunica mucosa | Mucosa; mucous membrane | | | Plicae mucosae; rugae | Mucosal folds; rugae | | | Ductus cysticus | Cystic duct | | | Plica spiralis | Spiral fold | | | Ductus choledochus; ductus biliaris | Bile duct | | | M. sphincter ductus choledochi; m. sphincter ductus biliaris | Sphincter of bile duct | | | M. sphincter superior | Superior sphincter | | | M. sphincter inferior | Inferior sphincter | | | Ampulla hepatopancreatica; ampulla biliaropancreatica | Hepatopancreatic ampulla; biliaropancreatic ampulla | | | M. sphincter ampullae [[Oddi]] | Sphincter of ampulla [[Oddi]] | | | Glandulae ductus choledochi; glandulae ductus biliaris | Glands of bile duct | | ===== LIVER ANATOMY ===== liver * location * situated * right quadrant * right hypochondrium * greater part of epigastrium * extends in to left hypochondrium * most of liver covered by ribs * nomenclature * hepatic * biliary tree * epithelial cells lining system are called * cholangiocytes * cuboidal in small ductules * columnar in large ductules * hepatocytes secrete bile in to * bile canaliculi * partially loop around hepatocytes * canals of herring * flow of bile is opposite of blood flow * posess hepatic stem cells * flow in to intrahepatic bile ductules * interlobular bile duct * lined by cuboidal or columnar cells * these ducts travel towards porta hepatis * interlobular ducts join * right and left hepatic ducts * common hepatic duct * columnar epithelial cells * cystic duct branches from it * gives bile to gall bladder * Features * liver is a large solid gland * reddish brown * soft in consistency * weight * 1600 grams in males * 1300 grams in females * EXTERNAL FEATURES * five surfaces * anterior * posterior * superior * inferior * well defined * right * inferior border * sharp anteriorly * separates anterior surface from inferior surface * it is marked by * interlobar notch * notch for ligamentum teres * cystic notch * for fundus of gall bladder * rounded laterally * separates right surface from inferior surface * LOBES * right lobe * much larger than left lobe * left lobe * divided in to two lobes by * falciform ligament anteriorly * fissure for ligamentum teres inferiorly * fissure for ligamentum venosum posteriorly * function * it secretes bile * HISTOLOGY * it is covered by glissons capsule * histological components * parenchyma * hepatocytes * polyhedral * contain 2 to 4 nuclei * large and spherical * 2 nucleoli * lifespan 5 months * cytoplasm * acidophilic * lysosomes * responsible for iron storage * ferritin * villi that extend in perisinusoidal space * adjacent hepatocytes leave a space * bile canaliculi * cell membrane have tight junctions * stroma * continuation of the surrounding glissons capsule * has connective tissue * type 3 collagen (reticulin) * caspule covered by a layer of mesothelium * arising from peritoneum * space of disse * perisinusoidal space * has special cells * hepatic stellate cell * storage of vitamin A * released as retinol * cells responsible for fibrosis * they secrete collagen * located between hepatocytes and sinusoids * sinusoids * capillaries travelling between hepatocytes * microscopic structure * hepatic lobule (classic lobule) * traditional description * hexagonal plates of hepatocytes * stacked on top of each other * each plate * hepatocytes radiate outwards from a central vein * similar to the spokes of a cartwheel * hepatic sinusoids * hepatic sinusoids travel between the strips of hepatocytes * drain in to central vein * have discontinuous epithelium * presence of fenestra * contain kuppfer cells * oval nuclei * monocyte derivative * portal canal * one portal canal is located at each corner * 6 canals for each lobule * composed of * portal triad * surrounded by loose connective tissue * periportal space (space of mall) * lymph is produced * 1. bile duct * 2.hepatic artery * 3.hepatic portal vein * drains in to central vein * portal lobule * exocrine function of the liver * bile secretion * each functional unit * is a triangle * area covered by triangle is * hepatic regions that secrete bile in to same bile duct * central axis through a portal field * imaginary vertices * closest portal canals * liver lobule * liver acinus * functional unit shape is * oval * short axis * shared border between two adjacent lobules * together with portal canals * long axis * imaginary line * between two adjacent central vein * each half can be divided in to 3 zones * zone 1 * one closest to short axis * receive highest amount of oxygen * zone 3 * farthest from short axis * closest to central vein * least amount of oxygen * vasculature * liver receives blood from * hepatic portal vein 75% * rich in nutrients * hepatic artery 25% * central vein drains * in to sublobar veins * hepatic veins drain in to inferior venacava * blood vessels travelling through portal canals * called as interlobular blood vessel en/3d_liver.txt Last modified: 2024/06/16 12:03by 127.0.0.1